Recommendations

Project	Type	#	Outcome	Report	Year
CBird: Seabird Expert Group		3.1	Secure breeding cliffs from erosion and sea level rise. 3.1.1. Create alternative breeding sites for kittiwakes where breeding cliffs are threatened by erosion. This might also benefit kittiwakes in terms of reduction of predation and/or human conflicts.	International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group		3.2	Ensure that new offshore energy development does not come in conflict with foraging habitat use by kittiwakes. 3.2.1. Use tracking and population data to prevent construction of offshore structures close to breeding sites/foraging grounds/wintering sites	International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group		3.3	Protect and manage key habitats on landand at sea as a significant contribution to safeguard populations. 3.3.1. Prepare a summary of protected areas containing important kittiwake habitats. 3.3.2. Evaluate the potential of ongoing tools such as the Framework for a Pan-Arctic Network of Marine Protected Areas and other mechanisms to protect habitats important to kittiwakes. 3.3.3. Identify important kittiwake habitats on land and at sea still requiring protection and designate them under national and international systems of protected areas (e.g. Birdlife International’s Important Bird Areas or OSPAR). 3.3.4. Identify, evaluate and implement additional conservation mechanisms such as treaties, agreements, regulations, and policies of value. Consider also collaboration with AMBI.	International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group		4.1	Improve feeding conditions. 4.1.1. Systematically identify important feeding grounds throughout the year. 4.1.2. Identify and quantify diet during breeding and non-breeding season. 4.1.3. Conduct comprehensive, multidisciplinary studies of environmental drivers in wintering grounds (climate and food availability). 4.1.4. Assess the direct and indirect effects of fisheries on kittiwakes.	International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group		4.2	Improvement of knowledge on limiting demographic factors. 4.2.1. Develop a comprehensive research agenda for each population specifying what information is most needed, how it will be used, and which countries will be involved. Relate this to the Circumpolar Seabird Monitoring Plan and evaluate if necessary. 4.2.2. For each major kittiwake breeding population, estimate population size, productivity, adult survival rates, and identify migration routes and wintering grounds. Also investigate survival rates and distribution of the immature birds. 4.2.3 Investigate the breeding success and population estimates for a larger proportion of the circumpolar population. 4.2.4. Investigate the genetic structures in the different populations. 4.2.5. Implement the Circumpolar Seabird Monitoring Plan (CBird 2015) throughout the circumpolar Arctic.	International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group		4.3	Increase knowledge about the effects of climate change and, if possible, reduce the impact. 4.3.1. Increase research efforts considering climate change and its effect on survival and reproduction rates (seawater acidification, increased water temperatures, increased frequency of storms etc.) 4.3.2. Increase research into the effect of diseases and parasites. 4.3.3. Compensate climate change impact by reducing the effect of other negative drivers	International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group		4.4	Increase knowledge about the colonies in the Arctic. 4.4.1. Finalize an overview of the location of all breeding colonies in the Arctic. 4.4.2. Identify important areas and generate sensitivity maps around the Arctic.	International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group		4.5	Determine predation rates and the best mitigation measures to reduce the impact. 4.5.1. Investigate the magnitude and effect of predation at population level.	International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group		4.6	Increase the knowledge base on damages made by kittiwakes breeding on man-made structures and the potential conflict. 4.6.1. More research is needed in order to reduce damage by kittiwake on construction and reduce conflicts with operators.	International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group			Non-consumptive use Objective Encourage non-consumptive use of Ivory Gulls that do not threaten their populations and ensure that non consumptive use of Ivory Gulls is sustainable. Action Evaluate risks to breeding Ivory Gulls from tourism and other human activities. Prepare guidelines for tourist operators tominimize their impacts on Ivory Gulls. Work to support education and/or enforcement efforts in support of existing harvest regulations to prevent illegal harvest.	International Ivory Gull Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2008
CBird: Seabird Expert Group			Commercial activities Objective Minimize adverse effects on Ivory Gulls from commercial activities. Action• Evaluate effects of commercial activity on Ivory Gulls. • Prepare guidelines to industry operations to minimize their impacts on Ivory Gulls.	International Ivory Gull Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2008
CBird: Seabird Expert Group			Habitat protection Objective: Protect key habitat to ensure continued viability of Ivory Gull populations that depend on them. Actions Prepare summary of protected areas containing important Ivory Gull habitats. Evaluate the Circumpolar Protected Areas Network (CPAN) and other mechanisms to protect habitats important to the Ivory Gull. Identify important Ivory Gull habitat areas still requiring protection and designate them under national and international systems of protected areas (e.g. Birdlife International system, Important Bird Areas). Identify and implement any additional protective mechanisms such as treaties, agreements, regulations, and policies needed to protect Ivory Gull habitats.	International Ivory Gull Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2008
CBird: Seabird Expert Group			Coordination and consultation Objective Ensure proper coordination with existing programs that affect Ivory Gulls, and encourage awareness of this Ivory Gull Strategy and broad participation in its implementation. Actions • Support other international and national Ivory Gull conservation initiatives. • Review existing programs and plans that affect Ivory Gulls to assure proper coordination as plans develop to implement the Strategy. • Enlist the support of people and groups that are interested in Ivory Gulls; especially local northern residents. • Solicit evaluation of actions carried out under the Strategy by specialists in Ivory Gull biology and other relevant disciplines. • Prepare periodic reports summarizing the status of Ivory Gull populations and accomplishments in Ivory Gull conservation. • Ensure that Ivory Gull conservation projects include an educational component.	International Ivory Gull Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2008
CBird: Seabird Expert Group			Research and monitoring Objective Provide reliable information about Ivory Gulls needed to implement the Strategy Actions• Develop a comprehensive research agenda foreach population specifying what informationis most needed, how it will be used, and which countries will be involved in doing the work. • Develop a research agenda that determines whether distinct Ivory Gull populations exist in the circumpolar Arctic. • For each major Ivory Gull breeding population, work to estimate population size, productivity, adult survival rates, and identify migration routes and wintering grounds. • Collaborate with the Arctic Monitoring Assessment Program (AMAP) to study contaminants that may be causing mortality or reproductive problems with Ivory Gulls and seek ways to reduce their adverse impacts. • Develop national and international monitoring plans for Ivory Gulls throughout the circumpolar Arctic.	International Ivory Gull Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2008
CBird: Seabird Expert Group	Advice		Setting priorities Guidelines Identify which actions are already being addressed, which actions deserve highest priority for new work, and which of these high priority actions require international collaboration. Give high priority to actions likely to reveal the causes of Ivory Gull declines or to reverse such declines. Among new work to be initiated under the Strategy, give high priority to helping establish international, national, or regional Ivory Gull monitoring programs.	International Ivory Gull Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2008
CBird: Seabird Expert Group	Advice		Collaboration Guidelines • Each country should prepare a national implementation plan for the strategy giving special attention to international collaboration. • Ensure the regional and local governments participate in developing a National Implementation Plan • Enlist the participation of local residents and technical specialists at an early stage in deciding how to implement the Strategy.	International Ivory Gull Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2008
CBird: Seabird Expert Group	Advice		Reporting Guidelines Provide appropriate opportunities for communication between those involved in carrying out the Strategy. Report annually to CAFF summarizing actions taken or planned under the Strategy.	International Ivory Gull Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	2008
CBird: Seabird Expert Group	Action	4.1	Consumptive use: 1.Develop international harvest plans, 2. Establish appropriate harvest rules , 3.Obtain reliable harvest estimates , 4. Evaluate the opportunity for guided hunts, 5. Support egg and down collection programs.	Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	1997
CBird: Seabird Expert Group	Action	4.2	Non consumptive use: 6. Evaluate risks from human activities. 7. Encourage non-consumptive uses of eiders	Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	1997
CBird: Seabird Expert Group	Action	4.3	Commercial activities: 8. Identify eiders populations and habitats at risk from oil pollution, 9. Reduce eider mortality caused by commercial fisheries activities.	Circumpolar Eider Conservation Strategy and Action Plan	1997