Recommendations

Project Type # Outcome Report Year FEC
Arctic TEEBKey finding6.1Way forward: Engagement of Arctic Indigenous organizations and a broad range of stakeholders in participatory development of knowledge and policy alternatives is central to a successful TEEB Arctic study. Follow-up work to this scoping study should be structured so that those who wish to contribute can do so through a range of avenues.The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) for the Arctic: A Scoping Study Executive Summary2015
Arctic TEEBKey finding6.2Way forward: Early policy-maker involvement is crucial for designing effective approaches to policy change. This includes policy-makers at international and national levels, and includes people working on policy not directly related to environmental management, such as trade, business and fiscal policy.The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) for the Arctic: A Scoping Study Executive Summary2015
Arctic TEEBAdvice1A TEEB Arctic study, or set of studies, based on two to five policy areas. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) for the Arctic: A Scoping Study Executive Summary2015
Arctic TEEBAdvice2

A number of additional options, some of which address fundamental issues and challenges to the application of the TEEB approach in the Arctic context. 1. Guidance, methods, tools and information to support policy

1.1. Raise awareness of the roles and value of ecosystem services among Arctic communities with the aim of empowering communities, grass roots organizations and local administrations for better discussions/negotiations with sub-national/federal governments and corporations on policy related to Arctic development.

1.2. Through collaborative processes, raise awareness of the ways that Arctic Indigenous Peoples value nature. For example, facilitate discussions between Indigenous Peoples and economists, aimed at informing ways to accommodate indigenous values in economic policies and practices.

1.3. Make the role of natural capital and ecosystem services explicit in relation to adaptation and adaptive capacity. This is best done through bringing results from this scoping study into, and working in collaboration with, Arctic Council initiatives, for example, bya) considering adaptation options for policy makers that include the non-monetary and economic aspects of biodiversity, through the Adaptation Actions for a ChangingArctic (AACA); and b) creating resilience indicators that would encompass ecosystem processes (building on the human development indicators) through the Arctic Resilience Report.

1.4. Make visible (in economies) the wider value of Arctic biodiversity conservation and sustainable biodiversity use schemes, and identify financing opportunities for such schemes that are based on recognizing ecosystem services.

1.5. Apply economic analysis with the goal of a) accommodating the multiple value systems underpinning mixed and livelihood economies in the Arctic, such as reindeer herding and community economies based, or partly based, on subsistence hunting, fishing and gathering; b) capturing Arctic social and ecological resilience in economic information and valuation; and c) facilitating investment in the insurance value of Arctic natural capital.

2. Knowledge base.

2.1. Complete and maintain the Arctic Ecosystem Services Inventory. A draft ecosystem services inventory was prepared as part of the scoping study (see Ecosystem services section above). The inventory is a start on a structured and synthesized literature review of Arctic ecosystem services, the ecosystems they are derived from, their associated benefits, status, trends, threats, uncertainty, knowledge gaps, and what work has been done on valuation. To be a useful source of synthesized information, and a basis for further information tools, the inventory requires further work. The inventory could a) be a ready resource for information and overviews of available information on ecosystem services and what is known about them in relation to beneficiaries, threats, trends and valuation, both to raise awareness and to provide an entry point for policy-related assessment work; b) serve as a metadata center and service through CAFF’s Arctic Biodiversity Data Service; and c) provide input to research and monitoring plans and agendas, and potentially also to industry monitoring and research planning

2.2. Take steps to capture or present new research results in ways that make them useful to ecosystem-services-based policy development. This could be awareness raising through research meetings of the need to make this connection, increased expert networking, such as through a community of practice on ecosystem services, and/or through changes to funding mechanisms for research.

2.3. Clearly identify knowledge gaps (both at the broad underpinning and methodological scale, and for specific geographic scales) and develop mechanisms to bring them into discussion of research agendas.

2.4. Facilitate and coordinate monitoring of the social and economic importance of ecosystems (through the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program). 3. Synthesis, analysis and information products

3.1. Analyze linkages over scale, time and actors that affect when, where and to whom the costs and benefits of industrial development in the Arctic on biodiversity and ecosystems occur, considering also current and future use and spatial subsidies, to demonstrate the value and help frame the distributive impacts of decisions.

3.2. Prepare ecosystem services inventories with regular status reporting. Include interdisciplinary valuation of ecosystem services at the level of LMEs and national scales, but also initiate a regular review and assessment process at the pan-Arctic scale. Review and assessment would be in collaboration with existing Arctic Council processes, including the framework for assessment of biodiversity status and trends established through the CBMP.

3.3. Develop indicators to help describe the status of Arctic biodiversity and ecosystems. Include indicators that convey the proximity to potential thresholds or tipping points and attach confidence metrics to all indicators reflecting the level of knowledge and understanding. Development of such indicators needs to be done through co-production of knowledge based on a collaboration of Traditional Knowledge holders and scientists. (Indicator development is underway through the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program.)

3.4. Develop resilience indicators that make explicit the role of natural capital and ecosystem services in building of adaptive capacity. These would have similar use for policy making but be more encompassing of ecosystem processes than human development indicators.

3.5. Develop and test tools to evaluate Arctic ecosystem services in local and sub-national EBM, marine spatial planning, land-use planning and management, and in co-management schemes where they can directly contribute to co-producing knowledge and adaptive governance.

The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) for the Arctic: A Scoping Study Executive Summary2015
CBird: Seabird Expert Group1.1

Ensure sustainable harvest.

1.1.1. Regulate hunting/harvest of adults to ensure sustainable outtake, and to implement hunting/harvest moratorium for populations in decline.

1.1.2. Reduce bycatch in hunting and accidental harvest.

1.1.3. Monitor harvest of kittiwakes and conduct surveys to assess the impact on populations.

International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group1.2Reduce the threat from illegal killing. 1.2.1 Support education materials and/or law enforcement efforts in support of existing regulations to prevent illegal killingInternational Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group1.3Reduce the threat from environmental pollution.1.3.1. Collaborate with the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) to study and monitor contaminants that potentially can cause mortality or reproduction problems and seek ways to reduce their adverse impacts. 1.3.2. Improve techniques and procedures preventing oil spills at sea (operational, accidental and chronical) and/or reducing ecological consequences. 1.3.3. Introduce ship traffic regulations in order to facilitate a shift to light fuel in sensitive areas. Encourage adoption andimplementation of a ban to use heavy oil fuel in Artic waters by International Maritime Organization (IMO).International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group1.4

Reduce predation.

1.4.1 Remove non-native predators in key breeding colonies.

International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group1.5Improve the understanding of large-scale ecosystem effects of climate change by using the kittiwakeas a model species.1.5.1 Improve the understanding of the ecosystem effects of fisheries interactions and how to adjust maximum sustainable yields in terms of climate-induced changes in the food web that leads to insufficient food supply for adults.International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group1.6

Increase understanding of impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs), either through kittiwake food or direct contact with toxins associated with HABs.

1.6.1. Establish monitoring practices to track presence of HABs in marine environments and prey used by kittiwake. Conduct tests to determine dose levels of HABs toxins that affect kittiwake behavior or health, using proxy species where applicable. Work to reduce sources of HABs, such as nearshore development or discharge.

International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group1.7Reduce the negative impact of commercial fisheries on adult survival. 1.7.1. (Connected to 1.5.1.) Address how to develop sustainable commercial fisheries considering the added effects of rapid ecosystem changes due to climate change. 1.7.2. Ensure that the management of commercial fisheries on key prey species as well as key ecosystem components is based on best available knowledge and a precautionary approach. 1.7.3. Assess and reduce bycatch in commercial fishing activities, in possible collaboration with AMBI.International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group1.8Minimize adverse effects ofhuman activities. 1.8.1. Evaluate effects of detrimental human activity on kittiwakes and prepare guidelines to industry operations to minimize their impacts on kittiwakes.International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group1.9

Monitor occurrence ofdiseases in seabird populations.

1.9.1. Monitor bird flu and other diseases and minimize their impacts.

International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group1.1 Avoid constructing windfarms near breeding and foraging sites. 1.10.1. Ensure key feeding grounds and breeding sites are identified and taken into account in environmental risk assessmentsof the development of wind farms (on land or at sea).International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group2.1

Ensure sustainable harvest.

2.1.1. Strict regulations of egg collecting; collaboration options with AMBI should be considered.

International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group2.2Reduce predation. 2.2.1 Remove introduced invasive species. 2.2.2. Perform risk analyses/assessments to identify and prioritize areas with introduced species.International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group2.3

Limit human disturbance to a level that does not decrease breeding success.

2.3.1. Identify significant risks of disturbance activities and sensitive locations.

2.3.2. Develop guidelines (codes-of-conduct) for potentially harmful organized activities near colonies e.g. tourism, research (all fields), harvest, air- and ship traffic as well as individual activities such as kayaking, fishing etc.

2.3.3. Introduce area restrictions for high risk activities and promote regulations in adequate formats.

2.3.4. Improve and standardize methods for Environmental Impact Assessments.

2.3.5. Increase the knowledge on impacts of marine installations on seabirds (noise, light, pollution etc.).

2.3.6. Execute spatial planning and environmental assessments taking seabird management priorities into account.

2.3.7. Create no-conflict artificial nesting sites in locations where kittiwakes have moved into human settlements.

International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group2.4

Reduce the negative impact of commercial fisheries on breeding success.

2.4.1. Ensure industrial fisheries of pelagic forage fish such as capelin, herring and sandeel are not at a level that limits kittiwakes’ food supply.

2.4.2. Increase research into the resource competition between seabird and fisheries and how this should influence quotas.

International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group2.5Reduce anthropogenic influence reinforcing the negative consequences of climate change.2.5.1. Regulate fisheries in key feeding areas must be regulated (see 2.4.1.) as alteration in food availability and quality due to climate change and increasing sea-surface temperatures emphasize the importance of minimizing anthropogenic influence.International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
CBird: Seabird Expert Group2.6

Reduce the threat of anthropogenic pollution.

2.6.1. Reduce marine litter and plastics by raising public awareness, and through facilitation of environment-friendly handling of garbage etc.

2.6.2. Reduce the risk of local oil spills close to breeding colonies by regulating nearby human activities.

International Black-legged Kittiwake - Conservation Strategy and Action Plan2021
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